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Intra-industry Trade of the EU, USMCA, and their Member States in the Period 2000–2022 – Does Economic Integration Matter?
Aleksandra Szarek-Piaskowska
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9553-7761Elżbieta Czarny
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2124-2140Paweł Folfas
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6052-7125Abstract
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to identify the similarities and differences between intra-industry trade (IIT) of European Union and IIT of United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) and their member states. Moreover, we answer the question if more advanced economic integration goes together with more intensive IIT.
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: We conducted an analysis of IIT disaggregated into 6-digit HS codes using the UN Comtrade database, and employed Grubel-Lloyd indices. We aggregated GL indices for selected countries and selected blocs of countries (here the EU and USMCA) and for the world.
THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: We chose the EU and USMCA as examples of correlations between economic integration and intra-industry trade because they are some of the most important RTAs in the world and their members fulfil conditions for intensive IIT. We verify the hypothesis that sharing membership in such a grouping is an important factor intensifying bilateral IIT.
RESEARCH RESULTS: We have shown that EU IIT shares were considerably higher than those in the case of the USMCA, and the advantage of the EU grew over time. Our empirical study confirms that sharing membership in RTA bloc is an important factor intensifying bilateral IIT. Also, more advanced integration of adjacent countries, especially those that differ little with respect to economic potential, wealth, and culture, helps to increase IIT shares.
CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: We compare the IIT characteristics of the EU and its member states with those of the USMCA bloc and its members in a relatively long and turbulent period (2000–2022). To the best of our knowledge, there was no such analysis of world IIT during this period. Moreover, the correlation between the intensity of intra-industry trade and the advancement of economic integration has not been studied in literature very often.
Keywords
intra-industry trade ; European Union ; United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement ; economic integration
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